Country Name: Hungary

Capital: Budapest

Government Type: parliamentary republic

Background: Hungary became a Christian kingdom in A.D. 1000 and for many centuries served as a bulwark against Ottoman Turkish expansion in Europe. The kingdom eventually became part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and an announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. Under the leadership of Janos KADAR in 1968, Hungary began liberalizing its economy, introducing so-called "Goulash Communism." Hungary held its first multiparty elections in 1990 and initiated a free market economy. It joined NATO in 1999 and the EU five years later.

Continent: Europe

Population: 9,670,009 (2023 est.)

Ethnic Groups: Hungarian 85.6%, Romani 3.2%, German 1.9%, other 2.6%, unspecified 14.1% (2011 est.)

• note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic group; Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 5–10% of Hungary's population

Languages: Hungarian (official) 99.6%, English 16%, German 11.2%, Russian 1.6%, Romanian 1.3%, French 1.2%, other 4.2%; note - shares sum to more than 100% because some respondents gave more than one answer on the census; Hungarian is the mother tongue of 98.9% of Hungarian speakers (2011 est.)

Religions: Catholic 30.1% (Roman Catholic 27.5%, Greek Catholic 1.7%, other Catholic 0.9%), Calvinist 9.8%, Lutheran 1.8%, other Christian (includes Orthodox) 1.6%, other 0.4%, none 16.1%, no answer 40.1% (2022 est.)

Economic Overview: high-income EU and OECD economy; decreasing government spending; increasing judicial independence concerns; flat income taxation; increasingly dependent on energy imports; strong tourism and automotive manufacturing

Currency: Hungarian Forint (HUF)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange & Gold: $41.219 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $340.947 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars

Real GDP Growth Rate: 4.55% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP per Capita: $35,400 (2022 est.) $177.337 billion (2022 est.)

Exports: 

• $161.761 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

• Comparison Ranking: 38

Export Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, electric batteries, video displays, packaged medicines, spark-ignition engines, broadcasting equipment (2021)

Export Partners: Germany 27%, Romania 5%, Italy 5%, Slovakia 5% (2019)

Imports: 

• $169.199 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

• Comparison Ranking: 35

Import Commodities: cars and vehicle parts, integrated circuits, packaged medicines, broadcasting equipment, crude petroleum (2019)

Import Partners: Germany 25%, China 6%, Poland 6%, Austria 6%, Czechia 5%, Slovakia 5%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Natural Resources: bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land

Agricultural Products: maize, wheat, milk, sunflower seed, barley, rapeseed, sugar beets, apples, pork, grapes

Industries: mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles

Industrial Production Growth Rate: 

• 2.06% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

• Comparison Ranking: 128

Labor Force: 4.984 million (2022 est.)

Unemployment Rate: 3.61% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment

Geography:

• Total: 93,028 sq km

• Land: 89,608 sq km

• Water: 3,420 sq km

(Country Summary, The World Factbook, CIA.gov)

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