Country Summary: Cambodia
Country Name: Cambodia
Capital: Phnom Penh
Official Visa & Travel Information: Kingdom of Cambodia: Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation - Online eVisa Portal (Visa Services)
Government Type: parliamentary constitutional monarchy
Background: Most Cambodians consider themselves to be Khmers, descendants of the Angkor Empire that extended over much of Southeast Asia and reached its zenith between the 10th and 13th centuries. Attacks by the Thai and Cham (from present-day Vietnam) weakened the empire, ushering in a long period of decline. The king placed the country under French protection in 1863, and it became part of French Indochina in 1887. Following the Japanese occupation in World War II, Cambodia gained full independence from France in 1953. In April 1975, after a seven-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh and evacuated all cities and towns. At least 1.5 million Cambodians died from execution, forced hardships, or starvation during the Khmer Rouge regime under POL POT. A December 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside, began a 10-year Vietnamese occupation, and touched off 20 years of civil war.
The 1991 Paris Peace Accords mandated democratic elections and a cease-fire, which was not fully respected by the Khmer Rouge. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy under a coalition government. Factional fighting in 1997 ended the first coalition government, but a second round of national elections in 1998 led to the formation of another coalition government and renewed political stability. The remaining elements of the Khmer Rouge surrendered in early 1999. Some of the surviving Khmer Rouge leaders were tried for crimes against humanity by a hybrid UN-Cambodian tribunal supported by international assistance. In 2018, the tribunal heard its final cases, but it remains in operation to hear appeals. Elections in July 2003 were relatively peaceful, but it took one year of negotiations between contending political parties before a coalition government was formed. In October 2004, King Norodom SIHANOUK abdicated the throne and his son, Prince Norodom SIHAMONI, was selected to succeed him. Local (Commune Council) elections were held in Cambodia in 2012, with little of the violence that preceded prior elections. National elections in July 2013 were disputed, with the opposition - the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP) - boycotting the National Assembly. The political impasse was ended nearly a year later, with the CNRP agreeing to enter parliament in exchange for commitments by the ruling Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) to undertake electoral and legislative reforms. The CNRP made further gains in local commune elections in June 2017, accelerating sitting Prime Minister HUN SEN’s efforts to marginalize the CNRP before national elections in 2018. HUN SEN arrested CNRP President KEM SOKHA in September 2017. The Supreme Court dissolved the CNRP in November 2017 and banned its leaders from participating in politics for at least five years. The CNRP’s seats in the National Assembly were redistributed to smaller, less influential opposition parties, while all of the CNRP’s 5,007 seats in the commune councils throughout the country were reallocated to the CPP. With the CNRP banned, the CPP swept the 2018 national elections, winning all 125 National Assembly seats and effectively turning the country into a one-party state.
Cambodia has strong and growing economic and political ties with its large neighbor to the north, China. More than 53% of foreign investment in the country in 2021 came from China, and Beijing has provided over $15 billion in financial assistance since the 1990s. China accounted for 443 percent of Cambodia’s foreign debt in 2021.
Continent: Asia
Population: 16,891,245 (2023 est.)
Ethnic Groups: Khmer 95.4%, Cham 2.4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 0.7% (2019-20 est.)
Languages: Khmer (official) 95.8%, minority languages 2.9%, Chinese 0.6%, Vietnamese 0.5%, other 0.2% (2019 est.)
Religions: Buddhist (official) 97.1%, Muslim 2%, Christian 0.3%, other 0.5% (2019 est.)
Economic Overview: one of the fastest growing economies; tourism and clothing exports; substantial manufacturing and construction sectors; COVID-19 declines and the suspension of EU market preferential access; massive reductions in poverty, but rural areas remain disproportionately poor
Currency: Cambodian Riel (KHR)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange & Gold:
Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $76.023 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars
Real GDP Growth Rate: 5.24% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per Capita: $4,500 (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars
Exports:
$25.497 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Comparison Ranking: 83
Export Commodities: clothing and footwear, trunks and cases, rice, rubber, light fixtures (2021)
Export Partners: United States 35%, China 7%, Germany 7%, Vietnam 7%, Japan 6% (2021)
Imports:
$34.759 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Comparison Ranking: 76
Import Commodities: refined petroleum, clothing, gold, cars, flavored water (2019)
Import Partners: China 27%, Thailand 25%, Vietnam 15%, Singapore 8% (2019)
Natural Resources: oil and gas, timber, gemstones, iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential, arable land
Agricultural Products: cassava, rice, maize, vegetables, sugar cane, soybeans, rubber, oil palm fruit, bananas, pork
Industries: tourism, garments, construction, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Industrial Production Growth Rate:
8.85% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Comparison Ranking: 24
Labor Force: 9.057 million (2022 est.)
Unemployment Rate: 0.23% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Natural Hazards: monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts
Geography:
Total: 181,035 sq km
Land: 176,515 sq km
Water: 4,520 sq km
(Country Summary, The World Factbook, CIA.gov)
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