Country Summary: Estonia (Republic of Estonia)
Country Name: Estonia (Republic of Estonia)
Capital: Tallinn
Government Type:
Background: After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US and many other countries - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with the West. It joined both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004, formally joined the OECD in late 2010, and adopted the euro as its official currency on 1 January 2011.
Continent: Europe
Population: 1,202,762 (2023 est.)
Ethnic Groups: Estonian 69.1%, Russian 23.7%, Ukrainian 2.1%, other 4.6%, unspecified 0.5% (2021 est.)
Languages: Estonian (official) 67.2%, Russian 28.5%, other 3.7%, unspecified 0.6% (2021est.)
Religions: Orthodox 16.5%, Protestant 9.2% (Lutheran 7.7%, other Protestant 1.5%), other 3% (includes Roman Catholic, Muslim, Jehovah's Witness, Pentecostal, Buddhist, and Taara Believer), none 58.4%, unspecified 12.9% (2021 est.)
Economic Overview: advanced service-based EU and OECD economy; regional trade and telecommunications leader; recently rejected Baltic sea rail tunnel from Tallinn to Helsinki; flat income taxation; substantial welfare system; balanced budget culture; business-friendly climate
Currency: European Euro (EUR)
Reserves of Foreign Exchange & Gold: $2.217 billion (2022 est.) note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity): $50.867 billion (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars
Real GDP Growth Rate: -1.29% (2022 est.) note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP per Capita: $37,700 (2022 est.) note: data in 2017 dollars
Exports:
$32.461 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Comparison Ranking: 77
Export Commodities: broadcasting equipment, coal tar oil, refined petroleum, cars, prefabricated buildings, lumber (2021)
Export Partners: Finland 12%, United States 9%, Latvia 9%, Sweden 8%, Russia 6% (2021)
Imports:
$32.671 billion (2022 est.) note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Comparison Ranking: 79
Import Commodities: refined petroleum, cars, coal tar oil, electricity, lumber, broadcasting equipment (2021)
Import Partners: Russia 15%, Finland 10%, Germany 10%, Latvia 7%, Lithuania 6% (2021)
Natural Resources: oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud
Agricultural Products: wheat, milk, barley, rapeseeds, rye, oats, peas, potatoes, pork, triticale
Industries: food, engineering, electronics, wood and wood products, textiles; information technology, telecommunications
Industrial Production Growth Rate:
-2.96% (2022 est.) note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency
Comparison Ranking: 195
Labor Force: 734,000 (2022 est.)
Unemployment Rate: 5.57% (2022 est.) note: % of labor force seeking employment
Natural Hazards: sometimes flooding occurs in the spring
Geography:
Total: 45,228 sq km
Land: 42,388 sq km
Water: 2,840 sq km
(Country Summary, The World Factbook, CIA.gov)
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